- http://www.bacteriamuseum.org/cms/Bacterial-Species-Cabinet/
- http://www.fda.gov/
- http://dg3.eudra.org/
- http://www.emea.eu.int/
- http://heads.medagencies.org/
- http://www.mhra.gov.uk/
- http://heads.medagencies.org/germany.html
- www. infarmed.pt/index2.html
- http://agmed.sante.gouv.fr/
- www.msc.es/agemed
- http://www.afigp.fgov.be/
- http://www.legemiddelverket.no/
- www.mpa.se/eng/index.html
- www.nam.fi/english/index.html
- www.ministerosalute.it/medicinali
- http://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/eudralex/vol-4/index_en.htm
- http://www.gmp-compliance.org/eca_link_navigator.html
- www.cbg-med-nl
- Australia - Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) - www.tga.gov.au
- Bulgaria - Bulgarian Drug Agency - www.bda.bg/web_engl/main.htm
- Canada - Therapeutic Products Diretorate (TPD) - www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hpb-dgps/therapeutic/htmleng
- Chile - Chile Regulatory Agency - www.minsal.cl
- Russia - Czech Republic - www.sukl.cz/enindex.htm
- Denmanrk - The Danish Medicines Agency - www.laegemiddelstyrelsen.dk/index_en.htm
- Estonia - State Agency of medicines - www.dam.ee
- Greece - EOD - www.eof.gr
- Hong Kong - Hong Kong Department od Health Welfare and Food - www.fwfb.gov.hk/eindex.html
- India - Ministry of health and family welfare - http://mohfw.nic.in
- Ireland - Irish Medicine Board - www.imb.ie
- Japan - Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare - (MHLW) - www.mhlw.go.jp/english
- Russia - Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation - www.minsalud.gov.com
- Switzerland - Swiss Medic - www.swissmedic.ch
sexta-feira, 20 de maio de 2011
Regulatory Agencies
segunda-feira, 16 de maio de 2011
Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus niger is a fungus and one of the most common species of the genus Aspergillus. It causes a disease called black mold on certain fruits and vegetables such as grapes, onions, and peanuts, and is a common contaminant of food. It is ubiquitous in soil and is commonly reported from indoor environments, where its black colonies can be confused with those of Stachybotrys (species of which have also been called "black mould").[1]
Some strains of A. niger have been reported to produce potent mycotoxins called ochratoxins,[2] but other sources disagree, claiming this report is based upon misidentification of the fungal species. Recent evidence suggests some true A. niger strains do produce ochratoxin A.[1][3]
Human and animal diseaseA. niger is less likely to cause human disease than some other Aspergillus species, but, if large amounts of spores are inhaled, a serious lung disease, aspergillosis can occur. Aspergillosis is, in particular, frequent among horticultural workers that inhale peat dust, which can be rich in Aspergillus spores. It has been found on the walls of ancient Egyptian tombs and can be inhaled when the area is disturbed.[citation needed] A. niger is one of the most common causes of otomycosis (fungal ear infections), which can cause pain, temporary hearing loss, and, in severe cases, damage to the ear canal and tympanic membrane.
REF:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus_niger ACessado em 16/05/11
Aspergillus niger
On Czapek dox agar, colonies consist of a compact white or yellow basal felt covered by a dense layer of dark-brown to black conidial heads. Conidial heads are large (up to 3 mm x 15-20 um in diameter), globose, dark brown, becoming radiate and tending to split into several loose columns with age. Conidiophores are smooth-walled, hyaline or turning dark towards the vesicle. Conidial heads are biseriate with the phialides borne on brown, often septate metulae. Conidia are globose to subglobose (3.5-5.0 um in diameter), dark brown to black and rough-walled. RG-1 organism.
Clinical significance:
Aspergillus niger is one of the most common and easily identifiable species of the genus Aspergillus, with its white to yellow mat later bearing black conidia. This is the third most common species associated with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. It is also often a causative agent of aspergilloma and is the most frequently encountered agent of otomycosis. A. niger may also be a common laboratory contaminant.
REF: http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Hyphomycetes_(hyaline)/Aspergillus/niger.html Acessado em 16/05/11
Some strains of A. niger have been reported to produce potent mycotoxins called ochratoxins,[2] but other sources disagree, claiming this report is based upon misidentification of the fungal species. Recent evidence suggests some true A. niger strains do produce ochratoxin A.[1][3]
Human and animal diseaseA. niger is less likely to cause human disease than some other Aspergillus species, but, if large amounts of spores are inhaled, a serious lung disease, aspergillosis can occur. Aspergillosis is, in particular, frequent among horticultural workers that inhale peat dust, which can be rich in Aspergillus spores. It has been found on the walls of ancient Egyptian tombs and can be inhaled when the area is disturbed.[citation needed] A. niger is one of the most common causes of otomycosis (fungal ear infections), which can cause pain, temporary hearing loss, and, in severe cases, damage to the ear canal and tympanic membrane.
REF:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus_niger ACessado em 16/05/11
Aspergillus niger
On Czapek dox agar, colonies consist of a compact white or yellow basal felt covered by a dense layer of dark-brown to black conidial heads. Conidial heads are large (up to 3 mm x 15-20 um in diameter), globose, dark brown, becoming radiate and tending to split into several loose columns with age. Conidiophores are smooth-walled, hyaline or turning dark towards the vesicle. Conidial heads are biseriate with the phialides borne on brown, often septate metulae. Conidia are globose to subglobose (3.5-5.0 um in diameter), dark brown to black and rough-walled. RG-1 organism.
Clinical significance:
Aspergillus niger is one of the most common and easily identifiable species of the genus Aspergillus, with its white to yellow mat later bearing black conidia. This is the third most common species associated with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. It is also often a causative agent of aspergilloma and is the most frequently encountered agent of otomycosis. A. niger may also be a common laboratory contaminant.
REF: http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Hyphomycetes_(hyaline)/Aspergillus/niger.html Acessado em 16/05/11
Bacillus sp
Bacillus is a genus of Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria and a member of the division Firmicutes. Bacillus species can be obligate aerobes or facultative anaerobes, and test positive for the enzyme catalase.[1] Ubiquitous in nature, Bacillus includes both free-living and pathogenic species. Under stressful environmental conditions, the cells produce oval endospores that can stay dormant for extended periods. These characteristics originally defined the genus, but not all such species are closely related, and many have been moved to other genera.[2]
^ Madigan M; Martinko J (editors). (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1.
ref:
Bacilli are rod-shaped, Gram-positive, sporulating, aerobes or facultative anaerobes. Most bacilli are saprophytes. Each bacterium creates only one spore, which is resistant to heat, cold, radiation, desiccation, and disinfectants. Bacilli exhibit an array of physiologic abilities that allow them to live in a wide range of habitats, including many extreme habitats such as desert sands, hot springs, and Arctic soils. Species in the genus Bacillus can be thermophilic, psychrophilic, acidophilic, alkaliphilic, halotolerant, or halophilic and are capable at growing at pH values, temperatures, and salt concentrations where few other organisms can survive
Ecology
Due to the metabolic diversity in the genus Bacillus, bacilli are able to colonize a variety of habitats ranging from soil and insects to humans. Bacillus thuringiensis parasitizes insects, and is commercially used for pest control. Although the most well known of the bacilli are the pathogenic species, most Bacillus are saprophytes that make their living off of decaying matter. Still others, namely Bacillus subtilis, inhabit the rhizosphere, which is the interface between plant roots and the surrounding soil. The plants roots and associated biofilm can have a significant effect on the chemistry of the soil, creating a unique environment.
REFhttp://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bacillus Acessado em 16/05/11
^ Madigan M; Martinko J (editors). (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1.
ref:
Bacilli are rod-shaped, Gram-positive, sporulating, aerobes or facultative anaerobes. Most bacilli are saprophytes. Each bacterium creates only one spore, which is resistant to heat, cold, radiation, desiccation, and disinfectants. Bacilli exhibit an array of physiologic abilities that allow them to live in a wide range of habitats, including many extreme habitats such as desert sands, hot springs, and Arctic soils. Species in the genus Bacillus can be thermophilic, psychrophilic, acidophilic, alkaliphilic, halotolerant, or halophilic and are capable at growing at pH values, temperatures, and salt concentrations where few other organisms can survive
Ecology
Due to the metabolic diversity in the genus Bacillus, bacilli are able to colonize a variety of habitats ranging from soil and insects to humans. Bacillus thuringiensis parasitizes insects, and is commercially used for pest control. Although the most well known of the bacilli are the pathogenic species, most Bacillus are saprophytes that make their living off of decaying matter. Still others, namely Bacillus subtilis, inhabit the rhizosphere, which is the interface between plant roots and the surrounding soil. The plants roots and associated biofilm can have a significant effect on the chemistry of the soil, creating a unique environment.
REFhttp://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bacillus Acessado em 16/05/11
segunda-feira, 9 de maio de 2011
Ralstonia pickettii
Ralstonia pickettii
From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource
Classification
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Beta Proteobacteria; Burkholderiales; Ralstoniaceae
Ralstonia Picketti
NCBI: Taxonomy
Ralstonia Pickettii
Synonyms: Burkholderia picketti, Burkholderia solanacearum, Alcaligenes eutrophus
Strains: 12J,12D
Description and Significance
Ralstonia pickettii is a gram-negative, rod shaped beta proteobacteria found in moist environments such as soils, river and lakes [2]. It has also been identified in biofilms in plastic water pipes [1]. It is an olgiotrophic organism, making it capable of surviving in areas with a very low concentration of nutrients [1]. Several strains have shown an ability to survive in environments highly contaminated with metals such as Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn). The ability to persist in these harsh conditions makes R. picketti a unique candidate for bioremediation. In a study done by Fett et al., R. pickettii was shown to be resistant to environments with up to 1200 µg/mL of Cu, surviving by using phosphates to sequester the metal [3].
Genome Structure
There are two separate strains of Ralstonia pickettii, 12 D and 12 J of sizes 3.5 Mb and 3.0 Mb respectively [7]. While their rRNA sequence is indentical, there are significant differences in their genomic structures [7]. The 12 D strain contains two circular chromosomes 3,647,724bp and 1,323,321 bp in size; as well as three circular plasmids 389,779 bp, 273,136 bp and 51,398 bp in size [8]. The 12 J strand also consists of two circular chromosomes 3,942,557 bp and 1,302,228 bp in size; but has only one circular plasmid that is 80,934 bp in size [9].
Cell Structure and Metabolism
Ralstonia pickettii is a gram-negative rod shaped bacteria. These bacteria are culturable in the lab and often form dense dark white colonies. It is strictly an aerobe and is not capable of fermentive respiration [4]. As a chemoheterotroph it depends on an outside carbon source for cell growth, meaning that in remediation, biostimulation can result in increased results of disposing of the pollutant [1]. And, as a siderophore, R. pickettii thrives in environments containing high levels of Iron, and is capable of sollublizing Fe3+ [5]. R. pickettii can also break down several aromatic hydrocarbons or volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) such as cresol (C7H8O), phenol (C6H5OH) and toluene (C7H8). These chemical compounds are commonly found in household products including antiseptics, germicides and cleaners. They are hazardous to the environment, and often accumulate to toxic levels in soil and groundwater [1]. R. pickettii is able to exploit this resource by using the hydrocarbons as both a source of carbon and energy. This process is achieved through a series of multi-enzyme pathways, including the Tbu pathway which converts aromatic hydrocarbons to catechols [1]. Another distinguishing feature of this bacteria is that is can metabolize aromatic hydrocarbons in hypoxic environments. Unlike other toluene metabolizing bacteria, R. pickettii can break down toluene even when oxygen levels are only 25% of air-saturated water [1].
Pathogenesis
Ralstonia pickettii pathology does not follow an easy definition; although no fully healthy human has ever become ill from R. pickettii, the bacteria has seriously affected humans with poor health. Several hospitals have reported outbreaks - in particular, patients with cystic fibrosis and Crohn’s Disease have been shown to be infected R. pickettii [2]. Of the 55 reported cases of infection by R. pickettii, the majority are due to contaminated solutions such as water, saline and sterile drugs [6]. These solutions are usually contaminated when the product is manufactured, due to the fact that R. pickettii has the ability to pass through 0.45 and 0.2mm filters that are used to stearilize medicinal products [6]. As a result when given as a drip solution, intravenously, or for endotracheal suctioning these contaminated solutions often lead infection in both the blood stream and the respiratory system [6].
Ecology and Biotechnology
The ability of Ralstonia pickettii to withstand high metal concentrations led to multiple test to determine if the bacteria could be used for bioremediation. The fact that R. pickettii grows easily in so many environments and does act as a pathogen makes it a great option. In vitro tests have shown that through biostimulation, R. pickettii was capable of degrading such contaminates as TCE and aromatic hydrocarbons [1]. The PKO1 strain has a future to be a great biodegrader as it was capable of remediating several pollutants [1]. The LD1 strain showed the ability to degrade chlorinated phenolic compounds [1]. These CPC’s were frequently used, as pesticides are an extremely common contaminate [1].
References
1. Adley C, Pembroke J, Ryan M. (Feb 2007) Ralstonia pickettii in environmental biotechnology potential and applications. Journal of Applied Microbiolgy. Vol 103. pp 754-764.
2. Coenye T, De Vos P, Goris J, Vandamme P. (2003). Classification of Ralstonia pickettii-like isolates from the environment and clinical samples as Ralstonia insidiosa. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. Vol 53. 2003 pp 1075-1080
3. Fett J, Konstantinidis K, Isaacs N, Long D, Marsh T. (Feb 2003).Microbial Diversity and Resistance to Copper in Metal-Contaminated Lake Sediment. Microbial Ecology. Vol 45. Feb 2003. pp 191-202
4. Buckner D, Colona P. (Jul 1997) Nomenclature for Aerobic and Facultative Bacteria. Clinical Infectious Diseases. Vol 25. pp 1-10
5. Biebl M, Bonatti H, Eller M, Fille M, Hoeller E, Lass-Floerl C, Stelzmueller I, Weiss G. (2006) Ralstonia pickettii-innocent bystander or a potential threat?. Clinical Microbial Infect. Vol 12. pp 99-101
6. Ryan, M. P., J. T. Pembroke, and C. C. Adley. (2006) Ralstonia Pickettii: a Persistent Gram-negative Nosocomial Infectious Organism." Journal of Hospital Infection Vol 62. March 2006. pp278-84.
7. "Ralstonia Pickettii." JGI Genome Portal - Home. Web. 25 Apr. 2010..
8. "HAMAP: Ralstonia Pickettii (strain 12D) Complete Proteome." ExPASy Proteomics Server. Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics. Web. 25 Apr. 2010..
9. "HAMAP: Ralstonia Pickettii (strain 12J) Complete Proteome." ExPASy Proteomics Server. Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics. Web. 25 Apr. 2010..
Author
Page authored by Jeff Eggleston and Sarah Dionne, students of Prof. Jay Lennon at Michigan State University.
REF: http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Ralstonia_pickettii Acessado em 09/05/2011
From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource
Classification
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Beta Proteobacteria; Burkholderiales; Ralstoniaceae
Ralstonia Picketti
NCBI: Taxonomy
Ralstonia Pickettii
Synonyms: Burkholderia picketti, Burkholderia solanacearum, Alcaligenes eutrophus
Strains: 12J,12D
Description and Significance
Ralstonia pickettii is a gram-negative, rod shaped beta proteobacteria found in moist environments such as soils, river and lakes [2]. It has also been identified in biofilms in plastic water pipes [1]. It is an olgiotrophic organism, making it capable of surviving in areas with a very low concentration of nutrients [1]. Several strains have shown an ability to survive in environments highly contaminated with metals such as Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn). The ability to persist in these harsh conditions makes R. picketti a unique candidate for bioremediation. In a study done by Fett et al., R. pickettii was shown to be resistant to environments with up to 1200 µg/mL of Cu, surviving by using phosphates to sequester the metal [3].
Genome Structure
There are two separate strains of Ralstonia pickettii, 12 D and 12 J of sizes 3.5 Mb and 3.0 Mb respectively [7]. While their rRNA sequence is indentical, there are significant differences in their genomic structures [7]. The 12 D strain contains two circular chromosomes 3,647,724bp and 1,323,321 bp in size; as well as three circular plasmids 389,779 bp, 273,136 bp and 51,398 bp in size [8]. The 12 J strand also consists of two circular chromosomes 3,942,557 bp and 1,302,228 bp in size; but has only one circular plasmid that is 80,934 bp in size [9].
Cell Structure and Metabolism
Ralstonia pickettii is a gram-negative rod shaped bacteria. These bacteria are culturable in the lab and often form dense dark white colonies. It is strictly an aerobe and is not capable of fermentive respiration [4]. As a chemoheterotroph it depends on an outside carbon source for cell growth, meaning that in remediation, biostimulation can result in increased results of disposing of the pollutant [1]. And, as a siderophore, R. pickettii thrives in environments containing high levels of Iron, and is capable of sollublizing Fe3+ [5]. R. pickettii can also break down several aromatic hydrocarbons or volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) such as cresol (C7H8O), phenol (C6H5OH) and toluene (C7H8). These chemical compounds are commonly found in household products including antiseptics, germicides and cleaners. They are hazardous to the environment, and often accumulate to toxic levels in soil and groundwater [1]. R. pickettii is able to exploit this resource by using the hydrocarbons as both a source of carbon and energy. This process is achieved through a series of multi-enzyme pathways, including the Tbu pathway which converts aromatic hydrocarbons to catechols [1]. Another distinguishing feature of this bacteria is that is can metabolize aromatic hydrocarbons in hypoxic environments. Unlike other toluene metabolizing bacteria, R. pickettii can break down toluene even when oxygen levels are only 25% of air-saturated water [1].
Pathogenesis
Ralstonia pickettii pathology does not follow an easy definition; although no fully healthy human has ever become ill from R. pickettii, the bacteria has seriously affected humans with poor health. Several hospitals have reported outbreaks - in particular, patients with cystic fibrosis and Crohn’s Disease have been shown to be infected R. pickettii [2]. Of the 55 reported cases of infection by R. pickettii, the majority are due to contaminated solutions such as water, saline and sterile drugs [6]. These solutions are usually contaminated when the product is manufactured, due to the fact that R. pickettii has the ability to pass through 0.45 and 0.2mm filters that are used to stearilize medicinal products [6]. As a result when given as a drip solution, intravenously, or for endotracheal suctioning these contaminated solutions often lead infection in both the blood stream and the respiratory system [6].
Ecology and Biotechnology
The ability of Ralstonia pickettii to withstand high metal concentrations led to multiple test to determine if the bacteria could be used for bioremediation. The fact that R. pickettii grows easily in so many environments and does act as a pathogen makes it a great option. In vitro tests have shown that through biostimulation, R. pickettii was capable of degrading such contaminates as TCE and aromatic hydrocarbons [1]. The PKO1 strain has a future to be a great biodegrader as it was capable of remediating several pollutants [1]. The LD1 strain showed the ability to degrade chlorinated phenolic compounds [1]. These CPC’s were frequently used, as pesticides are an extremely common contaminate [1].
References
1. Adley C, Pembroke J, Ryan M. (Feb 2007) Ralstonia pickettii in environmental biotechnology potential and applications. Journal of Applied Microbiolgy. Vol 103. pp 754-764.
2. Coenye T, De Vos P, Goris J, Vandamme P. (2003). Classification of Ralstonia pickettii-like isolates from the environment and clinical samples as Ralstonia insidiosa. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. Vol 53. 2003 pp 1075-1080
3. Fett J, Konstantinidis K, Isaacs N, Long D, Marsh T. (Feb 2003).Microbial Diversity and Resistance to Copper in Metal-Contaminated Lake Sediment. Microbial Ecology. Vol 45. Feb 2003. pp 191-202
4. Buckner D, Colona P. (Jul 1997) Nomenclature for Aerobic and Facultative Bacteria. Clinical Infectious Diseases. Vol 25. pp 1-10
5. Biebl M, Bonatti H, Eller M, Fille M, Hoeller E, Lass-Floerl C, Stelzmueller I, Weiss G. (2006) Ralstonia pickettii-innocent bystander or a potential threat?. Clinical Microbial Infect. Vol 12. pp 99-101
6. Ryan, M. P., J. T. Pembroke, and C. C. Adley. (2006) Ralstonia Pickettii: a Persistent Gram-negative Nosocomial Infectious Organism." Journal of Hospital Infection Vol 62. March 2006. pp278-84.
7. "Ralstonia Pickettii." JGI Genome Portal - Home. Web. 25 Apr. 2010.
8. "HAMAP: Ralstonia Pickettii (strain 12D) Complete Proteome." ExPASy Proteomics Server. Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics. Web. 25 Apr. 2010.
9. "HAMAP: Ralstonia Pickettii (strain 12J) Complete Proteome." ExPASy Proteomics Server. Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics. Web. 25 Apr. 2010.
Author
Page authored by Jeff Eggleston and Sarah Dionne, students of Prof. Jay Lennon at Michigan State University.
REF: http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Ralstonia_pickettii Acessado em 09/05/2011
quarta-feira, 20 de abril de 2011
Cryptococcus lauretii - port
MORFOLOGIA: levedura, suas células tem caraerísticas esféricas e alongadas com ou sem blastoconídios, com capacdade limitada de formar hifas com clamidiosporos.
PATOGIA: raros casos de infecção pulmonar ou cutânea tem sido reportado. Também pode ser ocasionalmente recuperado como saprofitas de pele.
HABITAT:
C. laurentii é a levedura mais freqüentemente encontradas na tundra, da Antártida e os solos de pradaria, bem como nas superficies de folhas de muitos ecossistemas. As matérias fecais de aves saudáveis tem sido apontada como um importante repositório de fungos criptocócica.
http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Yeasts/Cryptococcus/C_laurentii.html 20/04/11
ver: http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/32139/1/CAIN739173668.pdf
Cryptococcus laurentii Submitted by amh10 on 7 February, 2008 - 01:11 MRCPath Part2MycologyTraining Cryptococcus laurentii is an extremely rare human pathogen. This fungus was previously considered saprophytic and nonpathogenic to humans, but it has been isolated as the etiologic agent of skin infection, keratitis, endophthalmitis, lung abscess, peritonitis,meningitis and fungaemia. Ecology C. laurentii is the most frequently encountered yeast in tundra, Antarctic and prairie soils as well as the phyllosphere of numerous ecosystems. The faecal matter of healthy birds has been identified as an important repository for cryptococcal fungi. Although the related species C. neoformans has been identified as an important human pathogen, infections with C. laurentii occur almost exclusively in immuno-compromised individuals and rarely result in clinically significant outcomes. C. laurentii is psychrophillic and grows poorly above 30°C temperatures. While optimal growth temperatures of 15°C have been reported for this species, it is cryotolerant and can be successfully cultured at near freezing conditions. C. laurentii has been described as a facultative alkaliphile. On Sabouraud's dextrose agar colonies are cream colored, often becoming a deeper orange-yellow with age, with a smooth mucoid texture. Microscopic morphology : Spherical and elongated budding yeast-like cells or blastoconidia, 2.0-5.5 x 3.0-7.0 μm in size. No pseudohyphae present. India Ink Preparation: Positive - narrow but distinct capsules surrounding the yeast cells are present. Dalmau Plate Culture on Cornmeal and Tween 80 Agar: Budding yeast cells only. No pseudohyphae present. Physiological Tests: Germ Tube test is Negative Hydrolysis of Urea is Positive Growth on Cycloheximide medium is Variable Growth at 37C is Negative (weak growth in some strains) Fermentation Reactions: Where fermentation means the production of gas and is independent of pH changes. Negative: Glucose; Sucrose; Lactose; Galactose; Maltose; Trehalose. Susceptibility: •Can be fluconazole resistant •Usually treated with amphotericin REF: http://microblog.me.uk/332 Accessed: 20/04/11 Cryptococcus laurentii On Sabouraud's dextrose agar colonies are cream colored, often becoming a deeper orange-yellow with age, with a smooth mucoid texture. Microscopic morphology : Spherical and elongated budding yeast-like cells or blastoconidia, 2.0-5.5 x 3.0-7.0 um in size. No pseudohyphae present India Ink Preparation: Positive - narrow but distinct capsules surrounding the yeast cells are present. Dalmau Plate Culture on Cornmeal and Tween 80 Agar: Budding yeast cells only. No pseudohyphae present. Physiological Tests: Germ Tube test is Negative Hydrolysis of Urea is Positive Growth on Cycloheximide medium is Variable Growth at 37C is Negative (weak growth in some strains) Fermentation Reactions: Where fermentation means the production of gas and is independent of pH changes. Negative: Glucose; Sucrose; Lactose; Galactose; Maltose; Trehalose. Assimilation Tests: Positive: Glucose; Glucose; Galactose; Maltose; Sucrose; Trehalose; D-Xylose (weak); Melezitose; Lactose; Raffinose; Cellobiose; Melibiose; Inositol (delayed); L-Rhamnose; D-Arabinose; L-Arabinose; D-Mannitol; Ribitol; D-Ribose (delayed); Galactitol; Salicin. Variable: Erythritol; Soluble Starch; D-Glucitol; Glycerol; Citric acid; DL-Lactic acid; Succinic acid. Negative: Potassium nitrate; L-Sorbose (some positive). Clinical significance: Cryptococcus laurentii has been reported as a rare cause of pulmonary and cutaneous infection and CAPD associated peritonitis in humans. It may also be occasionally recovered as a saprophyte from skin. REF: http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Yeasts/Cryptococcus/C_laurentii.html Accessed: 20/04/11 Look at this site: http://labmed.ucsf.edu/education/residency/fung_morph/fungal_site/yeastpage.html
PATOGIA: raros casos de infecção pulmonar ou cutânea tem sido reportado. Também pode ser ocasionalmente recuperado como saprofitas de pele.
HABITAT:
C. laurentii é a levedura mais freqüentemente encontradas na tundra, da Antártida e os solos de pradaria, bem como nas superficies de folhas de muitos ecossistemas. As matérias fecais de aves saudáveis tem sido apontada como um importante repositório de fungos criptocócica.
http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Yeasts/Cryptococcus/C_laurentii.html 20/04/11
ver: http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/32139/1/CAIN739173668.pdf
Cryptococcus laurentii Submitted by amh10 on 7 February, 2008 - 01:11 MRCPath Part2MycologyTraining Cryptococcus laurentii is an extremely rare human pathogen. This fungus was previously considered saprophytic and nonpathogenic to humans, but it has been isolated as the etiologic agent of skin infection, keratitis, endophthalmitis, lung abscess, peritonitis,meningitis and fungaemia. Ecology C. laurentii is the most frequently encountered yeast in tundra, Antarctic and prairie soils as well as the phyllosphere of numerous ecosystems. The faecal matter of healthy birds has been identified as an important repository for cryptococcal fungi. Although the related species C. neoformans has been identified as an important human pathogen, infections with C. laurentii occur almost exclusively in immuno-compromised individuals and rarely result in clinically significant outcomes. C. laurentii is psychrophillic and grows poorly above 30°C temperatures. While optimal growth temperatures of 15°C have been reported for this species, it is cryotolerant and can be successfully cultured at near freezing conditions. C. laurentii has been described as a facultative alkaliphile. On Sabouraud's dextrose agar colonies are cream colored, often becoming a deeper orange-yellow with age, with a smooth mucoid texture. Microscopic morphology : Spherical and elongated budding yeast-like cells or blastoconidia, 2.0-5.5 x 3.0-7.0 μm in size. No pseudohyphae present. India Ink Preparation: Positive - narrow but distinct capsules surrounding the yeast cells are present. Dalmau Plate Culture on Cornmeal and Tween 80 Agar: Budding yeast cells only. No pseudohyphae present. Physiological Tests: Germ Tube test is Negative Hydrolysis of Urea is Positive Growth on Cycloheximide medium is Variable Growth at 37C is Negative (weak growth in some strains) Fermentation Reactions: Where fermentation means the production of gas and is independent of pH changes. Negative: Glucose; Sucrose; Lactose; Galactose; Maltose; Trehalose. Susceptibility: •Can be fluconazole resistant •Usually treated with amphotericin REF: http://microblog.me.uk/332 Accessed: 20/04/11 Cryptococcus laurentii On Sabouraud's dextrose agar colonies are cream colored, often becoming a deeper orange-yellow with age, with a smooth mucoid texture. Microscopic morphology : Spherical and elongated budding yeast-like cells or blastoconidia, 2.0-5.5 x 3.0-7.0 um in size. No pseudohyphae present India Ink Preparation: Positive - narrow but distinct capsules surrounding the yeast cells are present. Dalmau Plate Culture on Cornmeal and Tween 80 Agar: Budding yeast cells only. No pseudohyphae present. Physiological Tests: Germ Tube test is Negative Hydrolysis of Urea is Positive Growth on Cycloheximide medium is Variable Growth at 37C is Negative (weak growth in some strains) Fermentation Reactions: Where fermentation means the production of gas and is independent of pH changes. Negative: Glucose; Sucrose; Lactose; Galactose; Maltose; Trehalose. Assimilation Tests: Positive: Glucose; Glucose; Galactose; Maltose; Sucrose; Trehalose; D-Xylose (weak); Melezitose; Lactose; Raffinose; Cellobiose; Melibiose; Inositol (delayed); L-Rhamnose; D-Arabinose; L-Arabinose; D-Mannitol; Ribitol; D-Ribose (delayed); Galactitol; Salicin. Variable: Erythritol; Soluble Starch; D-Glucitol; Glycerol; Citric acid; DL-Lactic acid; Succinic acid. Negative: Potassium nitrate; L-Sorbose (some positive). Clinical significance: Cryptococcus laurentii has been reported as a rare cause of pulmonary and cutaneous infection and CAPD associated peritonitis in humans. It may also be occasionally recovered as a saprophyte from skin. REF: http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Yeasts/Cryptococcus/C_laurentii.html Accessed: 20/04/11 Look at this site: http://labmed.ucsf.edu/education/residency/fung_morph/fungal_site/yeastpage.html
quarta-feira, 13 de abril de 2011
Staphylococcus xylosus
Staphylococcus xylosus is a species of bacteria belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. It is a Gram-positive bacterium that forms clusters of cells. Like most staphylococcal species, it is coagulase-negative and exists as a commensal on the skin of humans and animals and in the environment.
It appears to be far more common in animals than in humans. S. xylosus has very occasionally been identified as a cause of human infection, but in some cases it may have been misidentified.
IdentificationS. xylosus is normally sensitive to fleroxacin, methicillin, penicillin, teicoplanin, tetracycline and resistant erythromycin and novobiocin. It is highly active biochemically, producing acid from a wide variety of carbohydrates.
Acid and gas are produced from D-(+)-galactose, D-(+)-mannose, D-(+)-mannitol, maltose and lactose. Caseinolytic and gelatinase activities are normally present.
It normally produces slime but not capsules. This ability is lost upon subculture. Cell wall peptidoglycan similar to L-Lys-Gly3-5. L-Ser0.6-1.5 type found in predominately human species
Clinical importanceStaphylococcus xylosus has been associated with the following conditions:
Nasal dermatitis in gerbils
Pyelonephritis in humans
Avian staphylococcosis
Bovine intermammary infection
It is also found
In milk, cheese & sausages
On skin of many animals
REF: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_xylosus Acesses: 13/04/11
Staphylococcus xylosus is a Gram positive bacterium with a low G + C content. It belongs to the coagulase-negative group of staphylococci. It is a commensal bacterium of the skin which is of major interest for several reasons.
This bacterium is used as a fermenting agent in the production of meat (sausage) and milk (cheese) products. It contributes to the development of the red color characteristic of sausages through its nitrate reductase activity (photo 1) and to the orange color on the surface of certain cheeses, since some strains of S. xylosus are pigmented (photo 2).
This bacterium is mentioned as a dominant species in production facilities. Some strains of S. xylosus are capable of colonizing surfaces by forming biofilms (photo 3).
There is a great diversity of strains within this species. As a result of this diversity, certain strains isolated from milk and raw ham produce enterotoxins D, C or E, and as such may present a risk for the consumer. Other strains of S. xylosus are opportunistic pathogens of animals. Strains of S. xylosus, some of which have been isolated in nosocomial infections, have been described as multi-resistant to diverse antibiotics.
The genome of S. xylosus is estimated at 2.8 Mb. The complete sequence of this genome will lead to the establishment of the genetic bases of the specific properties of this species in comparison with the genomes of other staphylococci: S. aureus, S. epidermididis and S. carnosus. It will also make it possible to identify the genetic bases for the adaptation of this bacterium to the agro-alimentary environment, and functions of technologic interest. The stud of the genome of S. xylosus will make it possible to evaluate the innocuousness of the strains used as fermenting agents.
REF: http://www.cns.fr/spip/Staphylococcus-xylosus-commensal.html Access: 13/04/11
It appears to be far more common in animals than in humans. S. xylosus has very occasionally been identified as a cause of human infection, but in some cases it may have been misidentified.
IdentificationS. xylosus is normally sensitive to fleroxacin, methicillin, penicillin, teicoplanin, tetracycline and resistant erythromycin and novobiocin. It is highly active biochemically, producing acid from a wide variety of carbohydrates.
Acid and gas are produced from D-(+)-galactose, D-(+)-mannose, D-(+)-mannitol, maltose and lactose. Caseinolytic and gelatinase activities are normally present.
It normally produces slime but not capsules. This ability is lost upon subculture. Cell wall peptidoglycan similar to L-Lys-Gly3-5. L-Ser0.6-1.5 type found in predominately human species
Clinical importanceStaphylococcus xylosus has been associated with the following conditions:
Nasal dermatitis in gerbils
Pyelonephritis in humans
Avian staphylococcosis
Bovine intermammary infection
It is also found
In milk, cheese & sausages
On skin of many animals
REF: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_xylosus Acesses: 13/04/11
Staphylococcus xylosus is a Gram positive bacterium with a low G + C content. It belongs to the coagulase-negative group of staphylococci. It is a commensal bacterium of the skin which is of major interest for several reasons.
This bacterium is used as a fermenting agent in the production of meat (sausage) and milk (cheese) products. It contributes to the development of the red color characteristic of sausages through its nitrate reductase activity (photo 1) and to the orange color on the surface of certain cheeses, since some strains of S. xylosus are pigmented (photo 2).
This bacterium is mentioned as a dominant species in production facilities. Some strains of S. xylosus are capable of colonizing surfaces by forming biofilms (photo 3).
There is a great diversity of strains within this species. As a result of this diversity, certain strains isolated from milk and raw ham produce enterotoxins D, C or E, and as such may present a risk for the consumer. Other strains of S. xylosus are opportunistic pathogens of animals. Strains of S. xylosus, some of which have been isolated in nosocomial infections, have been described as multi-resistant to diverse antibiotics.
The genome of S. xylosus is estimated at 2.8 Mb. The complete sequence of this genome will lead to the establishment of the genetic bases of the specific properties of this species in comparison with the genomes of other staphylococci: S. aureus, S. epidermididis and S. carnosus. It will also make it possible to identify the genetic bases for the adaptation of this bacterium to the agro-alimentary environment, and functions of technologic interest. The stud of the genome of S. xylosus will make it possible to evaluate the innocuousness of the strains used as fermenting agents.
REF: http://www.cns.fr/spip/Staphylococcus-xylosus-commensal.html Access: 13/04/11
Bacterioides
Bacteroides species are anaerobic bacteria that are predominant components of the bacterial florae of mucous membranes[1] and are therefore a common cause of endogenous infections. Bacteroides infections can develop in all body sites, including the CNS, the head, the neck, the chest, the abdomen, the pelvis, the skin, and the soft tissues. Inadequate therapy against these anaerobic bacteria may lead to clinical failure.
Because of their fastidiousness, they are difficult to isolate and are often overlooked. Their isolation requires appropriate methods of collection, transportation, and cultivation of specimens.[2] Treatment is complicated by 3 factors: slow growth, increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents,[3] and the polymicrobial synergistic nature of the infection.[4]
The B fragilis group, a member of the Bacteroidaceae family, includes B fragilis (causes the most clinical infections), Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, and Bacteroides vulgatus. These bacteria are resistant to penicillins, mostly through the production of beta-lactamase. They are part of the normal GI florae[1] and predominate in intra-abdominal infections and infections that originate from those florae (eg, perirectal abscesses, decubitus ulcers). Enterotoxigenic B fragilis (ETBF) is also a potential cause of diarrhea.[5]
Pigmented Prevotella, such as Prevotella melaninogenica and Prevotella intermedia (which were previously called the Bacteroides melaninogenicus group), Porphyromonas (eg, Porphyromonas asaccharolytica), and nonpigmented Prevotella (eg, Prevotella oralis, Prevotella oris) are part of the normal oral and vaginal florae and are the predominant AGNB isolated from respiratory tract infections and their complications, including aspiration pneumonia, lung abscess, chronic otitis media, chronic sinusitis, abscesses around the oral cavity, human bites, paronychia, brain abscesses, and osteomyelitis. Prevotella bivia and Prevotella disiens (previously called Bacteroides) are important in obstetric and gynecologic infections
REF: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/233339-overview Access: 13,apr,2011
Bacteroides Infection
Author: Itzhak Brook, MD, MSc; Chief Editor: Burke A Cunha, MD
Bacteroides is a genus of Gram-negative, bacillus bacteria. Bacteroides species are non-endospore-forming, anaerobes, and may be either motile or non-motile, depending on the species.[1] The DNA base composition is 40-48% GC. Unusual in bacterial organisms, Bacteroides membranes contain sphingolipids. They also contain meso-diaminopimelic acid in their peptidoglycan layer.
Bacteroides are normally mutualistic, making up the most substantial portion of the mammalian gastrointestinal flora,[2] where they play a fundamental role in processing of complex molecules to simpler ones in the host intestine.[3][4][5] As many as 1010-1011 cells per gram of human feces have been reported.[6] They can use simple sugars when available, but the main source of energy is polysaccharides from plant sources.
One of the most important clinically is Bacteroides fragilis.
Bacteroides melaninogenicus has recently been reclassified and split into Prevotella melaninogenica and Prevotella intermedia.[7]
PathogenesisBacteroides species also benefit their host by excluding potential pathogens from colonizing the gut. Some species (B. fragilis, for example) are opportunistic human pathogens, causing infections of the peritoneal cavity, gastrointestinal surgery, and appendicitis via abscess formation, inhibiting phagocytosis, and inactivating beta-lactam antibiotics.[8] Although Bacteroides species are anaerobic, they are aerotolerant and thus can survive in the abdominal cavity.
In general, Bacteroides are resistant to a wide variety of antibiotics — β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and recently many species have acquired resistance to erythromycin and tetracycline. This high level of antibiotic resistance has prompted concerns that Bacteroides species may become a reservoir for resistance in other, more highly-pathogenic bacterial strains.[9] [10]
Microbiological ApplicationsAn alternative fecal indicator organism, Bacteroides, has been suggested because they make up a significant portion of the fecal bacterial population[11], have a high degree of host specificity that reflects differences in the digestive system of the host animal[12], and have a small potential to grow in the environment[13]. Over the past decade, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods have been utilized to detect the presence of various microbial pathogens through the amplification of specific DNA sequences without culturing bacteria. One study has measured the amount of Bacteroides by using qPCR to quantify the 16S rRNA genetic marker that is host-specific.[14] This technique allows quantification of genetic markers that are specific to the host of the bacteria and allow detection of recent contamination. A recent report found that temperature plays a major role in the amount of time the bacteria will persist in the environment, the life span increases with colder temperatures
References1.^ Madigan M, Martinko J (editors). (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1.
2.^ Dorland WAN (editor) (2003). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (30th ed.). W.B. Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-0146-4.
3.^ Wexler, H. M. (Oct 2007). "Bacteroides: the good, the bad, and the nitty-gritty" (Free full text). Clinical microbiology reviews 20 (4): 593–621. doi:10.1128/CMR.00008-07. ISSN 0893-8512. PMC 2176045. PMID 17934076. http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17934076. edit
4.^ Xu, J.; Gordon, I. (Sep 2003). "Inaugural Article: Honor thy symbionts" (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (18): 10452–10459. doi:10.1073/pnas.1734063100. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 193582. PMID 12923294. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12923294. edit
5.^ Xu, J.; Mahowald, A.; Ley, E.; Lozupone, A.; Hamady, M.; Martens, C.; Henrissat, B.; Coutinho, M. et al. (Jul 2007). "Evolution of symbiotic bacteria in the distal human intestine" (Free full text). PLoS biology 5 (7): e156. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050156. ISSN 1544-9173. PMC 1892571. PMID 17579514. http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050156. edit
6.^ Finegold SM, Sutter VL, Mathisen GE (1983). Normal indigenous intestinal flora (pp. 3-31) in Human intestinal microflora in health and disease.. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-341280-3.
7.^ "Bacteroides Infection: Overview - eMedicine". http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/233339-overview. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
8.^ Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
9.^ Salyers AA, Gupta A, Wang Y (2004). "Human intestinal bacteria as reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes". Trends Microbiol 12 (9): 412–6. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2004.07.004. PMID 15337162.
10.^ Löfmark, S.; Jernberg, C.; Jansson, K.; Edlund, C. (Dec 2006). "Clindamycin-induced enrichment and long-term persistence of resistant Bacteroides spp. And resistance genes" (Free full text). The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 58 (6): 1160–1167. doi:10.1093/jac/dkl420. ISSN 0305-7453. PMID 17046967. http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17046967. edit
11.^ Madigan M, Martinko J (editors). (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1.
12.^ Bernhard and Field, A.E. and K.G.; Field, KG (2000). "A PCR Assay To Discriminate Human and Ruminant Feces on the Basis of Host Differences in Bacteroides-Prevotella Genes Encoding 16S rRNA". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66 (10): 4571–4574. doi:http://water.rutgers.edu/Source_Tracking/Bacteroidetes/APCRAssayToDiscriminateHumanandRuminantFecesontheBasisofHostDifferencesinBacteroides.pdf. PMC 92346. PMID 11010920. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92346.
13.^ Kreader, C.A. (1998). "Persistence of PCR-Detectable Bacteroides distasonis from Human Feces in River Water". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64 (10): 4103–4105. doi:http://www.water.rutgers.edu/Source_Tracking/Bacteroidetes/PersistenceofPCR-DetectableBacteroidesdistasonisfromHumanFecesinRiverWater.pdf. PMC 106613. PMID 9758854. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106613.
14.^ Layton, A.; McKay, L; Williams, D; Garrett, V; Gentry, R; Sayler, G (2006). "Development of Bacteroides 16S rRNA Gene TaqMan-Based Real-Time PCR Assays for Estimation of Total, Human,and Bovine Fecal Pollution in Water". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72 (6): 4214–4224. doi:http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/short/72/6/4214. PMC 1489674. PMID 16751534. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1489674.
15.^ Bell, Layton, McKay, Williams, Gentry, Sayler, A., A.C., L., D., R., G.S.; Layton, Alice C.; McKay, Larry; Williams, Dan; Gentry, Randy; Sayler, Gary S. (2009). "Factors Influencing the Persistance of Fecal Bacteroides in Stream Water". J. Environ. Qual. 38 (3): 1224–1232. doi:10.2134/jeq2008.0258. PMID 19398520.
REF: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroides .Access: 13/apr/2011
Because of their fastidiousness, they are difficult to isolate and are often overlooked. Their isolation requires appropriate methods of collection, transportation, and cultivation of specimens.[2] Treatment is complicated by 3 factors: slow growth, increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents,[3] and the polymicrobial synergistic nature of the infection.[4]
The B fragilis group, a member of the Bacteroidaceae family, includes B fragilis (causes the most clinical infections), Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, and Bacteroides vulgatus. These bacteria are resistant to penicillins, mostly through the production of beta-lactamase. They are part of the normal GI florae[1] and predominate in intra-abdominal infections and infections that originate from those florae (eg, perirectal abscesses, decubitus ulcers). Enterotoxigenic B fragilis (ETBF) is also a potential cause of diarrhea.[5]
Pigmented Prevotella, such as Prevotella melaninogenica and Prevotella intermedia (which were previously called the Bacteroides melaninogenicus group), Porphyromonas (eg, Porphyromonas asaccharolytica), and nonpigmented Prevotella (eg, Prevotella oralis, Prevotella oris) are part of the normal oral and vaginal florae and are the predominant AGNB isolated from respiratory tract infections and their complications, including aspiration pneumonia, lung abscess, chronic otitis media, chronic sinusitis, abscesses around the oral cavity, human bites, paronychia, brain abscesses, and osteomyelitis. Prevotella bivia and Prevotella disiens (previously called Bacteroides) are important in obstetric and gynecologic infections
REF: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/233339-overview Access: 13,apr,2011
Bacteroides Infection
Author: Itzhak Brook, MD, MSc; Chief Editor: Burke A Cunha, MD
Bacteroides is a genus of Gram-negative, bacillus bacteria. Bacteroides species are non-endospore-forming, anaerobes, and may be either motile or non-motile, depending on the species.[1] The DNA base composition is 40-48% GC. Unusual in bacterial organisms, Bacteroides membranes contain sphingolipids. They also contain meso-diaminopimelic acid in their peptidoglycan layer.
Bacteroides are normally mutualistic, making up the most substantial portion of the mammalian gastrointestinal flora,[2] where they play a fundamental role in processing of complex molecules to simpler ones in the host intestine.[3][4][5] As many as 1010-1011 cells per gram of human feces have been reported.[6] They can use simple sugars when available, but the main source of energy is polysaccharides from plant sources.
One of the most important clinically is Bacteroides fragilis.
Bacteroides melaninogenicus has recently been reclassified and split into Prevotella melaninogenica and Prevotella intermedia.[7]
PathogenesisBacteroides species also benefit their host by excluding potential pathogens from colonizing the gut. Some species (B. fragilis, for example) are opportunistic human pathogens, causing infections of the peritoneal cavity, gastrointestinal surgery, and appendicitis via abscess formation, inhibiting phagocytosis, and inactivating beta-lactam antibiotics.[8] Although Bacteroides species are anaerobic, they are aerotolerant and thus can survive in the abdominal cavity.
In general, Bacteroides are resistant to a wide variety of antibiotics — β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and recently many species have acquired resistance to erythromycin and tetracycline. This high level of antibiotic resistance has prompted concerns that Bacteroides species may become a reservoir for resistance in other, more highly-pathogenic bacterial strains.[9] [10]
Microbiological ApplicationsAn alternative fecal indicator organism, Bacteroides, has been suggested because they make up a significant portion of the fecal bacterial population[11], have a high degree of host specificity that reflects differences in the digestive system of the host animal[12], and have a small potential to grow in the environment[13]. Over the past decade, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods have been utilized to detect the presence of various microbial pathogens through the amplification of specific DNA sequences without culturing bacteria. One study has measured the amount of Bacteroides by using qPCR to quantify the 16S rRNA genetic marker that is host-specific.[14] This technique allows quantification of genetic markers that are specific to the host of the bacteria and allow detection of recent contamination. A recent report found that temperature plays a major role in the amount of time the bacteria will persist in the environment, the life span increases with colder temperatures
References1.^ Madigan M, Martinko J (editors). (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1.
2.^ Dorland WAN (editor) (2003). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (30th ed.). W.B. Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-0146-4.
3.^ Wexler, H. M. (Oct 2007). "Bacteroides: the good, the bad, and the nitty-gritty" (Free full text). Clinical microbiology reviews 20 (4): 593–621. doi:10.1128/CMR.00008-07. ISSN 0893-8512. PMC 2176045. PMID 17934076. http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17934076. edit
4.^ Xu, J.; Gordon, I. (Sep 2003). "Inaugural Article: Honor thy symbionts" (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (18): 10452–10459. doi:10.1073/pnas.1734063100. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 193582. PMID 12923294. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12923294. edit
5.^ Xu, J.; Mahowald, A.; Ley, E.; Lozupone, A.; Hamady, M.; Martens, C.; Henrissat, B.; Coutinho, M. et al. (Jul 2007). "Evolution of symbiotic bacteria in the distal human intestine" (Free full text). PLoS biology 5 (7): e156. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050156. ISSN 1544-9173. PMC 1892571. PMID 17579514. http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050156. edit
6.^ Finegold SM, Sutter VL, Mathisen GE (1983). Normal indigenous intestinal flora (pp. 3-31) in Human intestinal microflora in health and disease.. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-341280-3.
7.^ "Bacteroides Infection: Overview - eMedicine". http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/233339-overview. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
8.^ Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
9.^ Salyers AA, Gupta A, Wang Y (2004). "Human intestinal bacteria as reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes". Trends Microbiol 12 (9): 412–6. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2004.07.004. PMID 15337162.
10.^ Löfmark, S.; Jernberg, C.; Jansson, K.; Edlund, C. (Dec 2006). "Clindamycin-induced enrichment and long-term persistence of resistant Bacteroides spp. And resistance genes" (Free full text). The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 58 (6): 1160–1167. doi:10.1093/jac/dkl420. ISSN 0305-7453. PMID 17046967. http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17046967. edit
11.^ Madigan M, Martinko J (editors). (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1.
12.^ Bernhard and Field, A.E. and K.G.; Field, KG (2000). "A PCR Assay To Discriminate Human and Ruminant Feces on the Basis of Host Differences in Bacteroides-Prevotella Genes Encoding 16S rRNA". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66 (10): 4571–4574. doi:http://water.rutgers.edu/Source_Tracking/Bacteroidetes/APCRAssayToDiscriminateHumanandRuminantFecesontheBasisofHostDifferencesinBacteroides.pdf. PMC 92346. PMID 11010920. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92346.
13.^ Kreader, C.A. (1998). "Persistence of PCR-Detectable Bacteroides distasonis from Human Feces in River Water". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64 (10): 4103–4105. doi:http://www.water.rutgers.edu/Source_Tracking/Bacteroidetes/PersistenceofPCR-DetectableBacteroidesdistasonisfromHumanFecesinRiverWater.pdf. PMC 106613. PMID 9758854. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106613.
14.^ Layton, A.; McKay, L; Williams, D; Garrett, V; Gentry, R; Sayler, G (2006). "Development of Bacteroides 16S rRNA Gene TaqMan-Based Real-Time PCR Assays for Estimation of Total, Human,and Bovine Fecal Pollution in Water". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72 (6): 4214–4224. doi:http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/short/72/6/4214. PMC 1489674. PMID 16751534. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1489674.
15.^ Bell, Layton, McKay, Williams, Gentry, Sayler, A., A.C., L., D., R., G.S.; Layton, Alice C.; McKay, Larry; Williams, Dan; Gentry, Randy; Sayler, Gary S. (2009). "Factors Influencing the Persistance of Fecal Bacteroides in Stream Water". J. Environ. Qual. 38 (3): 1224–1232. doi:10.2134/jeq2008.0258. PMID 19398520.
REF: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroides .Access: 13/apr/2011
Assinar:
Postagens (Atom)