Verticillium sp.
Colonies are fast growing, suede-like to downy, white to pale yellow in colour, becoming pinkish brown, red, green or yellow with a colourless, yellow or reddish brown reverse. Conidiophores are usually well differentiated and erect, verticillately branched over most of their length, bearing whorls of slender awl-shaped divergent phialides. Conidia are hyaline or brightly coloured, mostly one-celled, and are usually borne in slimy heads (glioconidia).
Conidiophores, phialides and conidia of Verticillium sp.
Clinical significance:
Members of this genus are often isolated from the environment. It has been reported as a rare agent of mycotic keratitis.
Mycosis: Hyalohyphomycosis
Further reading:
Domsch, K.H., W. Gams, and T.H. Anderson. 1980. Compendium of soil fungi. Volume 1. Academic Press, London, UK.
Rippon, J.W. 1988. Medical Mycology. 3rd Edition. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, USA.
REF: http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Hyphomycetes_(hyaline)/Verticillium/ Acessado em 12/06/12
segunda-feira, 11 de junho de 2012
Staphylococcus sciuri
We previously characterized over 100 Staphylococcus sciuri isolates, mainly of animal origin, and found that they all carried a genetic element (S. sciuri mecA) closely related to the mecA gene of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. We also found a few isolates that carried a second copy of the gene, identical to MRSAmecA. In this work, we analyzed a collection of 28 S. sciuri strains isolated from both healthy and hospitalized individuals.
REF: http://jcm.asm.org/content/38/3/1136.full Acessado em 12/06/12
REF: http://jcm.asm.org/content/38/3/1136.full Acessado em 12/06/12
Staphylococcus hominis
Staphylococcus hominis is a coagulase-negative member of the bacterial genus Staphylococcus, consisting of Gram-positive, spherical cells in clusters. It occurs very commonly as a harmless commensal on human and animal skin. However, like many other coagulase-negative staphylococci, S. hominis may occasionally cause infection in patients whose immune systems are compromised, for example by chemotherapy or predisposing illness.
DescriptionColonies of S. hominis are small, usually 1–2 mm in diameter after 24 hours' incubation at 35 °C, and white or tan in colour. Occasional strains are resistant to novobiocin and may be confused with other resistant species (e.g. S. saprophyticus.)
It is one of only two species of Staphylococcus that display sensitivity to desferrioxamine, the other being S. epidermidis. Unlike S. epidermidis, S. hominis produces acid from trehalose, so the two tests together serve to identify the species.
[edit] BiologyNumerous coagulase-negative staphylococci appear commonly on the skin of human. Of these species, Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. hominis are the most abundant. While S. epidermidis tends to colonize the upper part of the body, S. hominis tends to colonize in areas with numerous apocrine glands, such as axillae and the pubic region. In a certain study, S. hominis was calculated to account for 22% of the total staphylococci species recovered from individuals, second to S. epidermidis at 46%. S. hominis is the predominant species on the head, axillae, arms, and legs. S. hominis, as well as most other staphylococci species common on the human skin, is able to produce acid aerobically from glucose, fructose, sucrose, trehalose, and glycerol. Some strains were also able to produce acid from turanose, lactose, and galactose, melezitose, mannitol, and mannose. Most strains colonize on the skin for relatively short periods of time compared to other Staphylococcus species. They, on average, stay on the skin for only several weeks or months. The cell wall contains low amounts of teichoic acid and glutamic acid. The cell wall teichoic acid contains glycerol and glucosamine. S. hominis cells are Gram-positive cocci, usually 1.2 to 1.4 micrometers in diameter. They appear normally in tetrads and sometimes in pairs.[1]
[edit] ResistanceBased on a total of 240 strains, all were resistant to lysozyme, some were slightly resistant to lysostaphin, 77% were susceptible to penicillin G, 97% to streptomycin, 93% to erythromycin, 64% to tetracycline, and 99% to novobiocin.[2]
[edit] CulturingWhen grown in agar cultures, colonies are usually circular, 4.0 to 4.5 micrometers in diameter. Agar colonies usually have wide edges and an elevated center. They are commonly smooth with dull surfaces, and are yellow-orange pigmented in the center of the opaque colonies. They grow both in aerobic and anaerobic conditions, but tend to grow significantly less in the latter. Optimal NaCl concentrations of the agar culture for the growth of S. hominis seems to be around 7.5%, and a salt concentration of 15% yielded poor growth to no growth at all. The optimal growth temperature range was around 28 to 40 °C, but good growth is still observed at 45 °C, while no growth is observed at 15 °C. S. hominis can be differentiated from staphylococci by its colony morphology and pigmentation patterns, predominant tetrad cell arrangement, poor growth in thioglycolate, low tolerance of NaCl, and carbohydrate reaction pattern. Each species is also significantly different in cell wall composition, lactic acid configuration, temperature extremes of growth, coagulase activity, hemolysis acetylmethylcarbinol production, nitrate reduction, and phosphatase, DNase, and bacteriolytic activities. Similarities in these properties between S. hominis and several other species suggest there is a close relationship between S. hominis and S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, and S. warneri.[3]
[edit] Antibiotic-resistant subspeciesS. hominis is normally found on human skin and is usually harmless, but can sometimes cause infections in people with abnormally weak immune systems. Most, if not all, strains are susceptible to penicillin, erythromycin, and novobiocin, but a divergent strain, S. hominis subsp. novobiosepticus (SHN) was found recently. This strain was named so because of its unique resistance to novobiocin and its failure to produce acid aerobically from trehalose and glucosamine. In addition, the 26 isolated strains of this new subspecies are resistant to nalidixic acid, penicillin G, oxacillin, kanamycin and streptomycin. They were also somewhat resistant to methicillin and gentamicin, and most strains were resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin, as well. In addition, S. hominis subsp. hominis is commonly found isolated from human skin, but there are no reports of the isolation of SHN from the human skin.[4]
The SHN is so similar to the original S. hominis, now called S. hominis subsp. hominis, that a MicroScan system that clinical microbiology laboratories use identified seven of 31 S. hominis subsp. novobiosepticus cultures as S. hominis subsp. hominis. The relationship between the two is currently unknown, but antibiotic-resistant isolates of S. hominis belong only to SHN. [5]
SHN strains seems to have thickened cell walls, and this tendency may be the result of a genetic background that also allows for vancomycin resistance. The thickened cell walls exist in subspecies with and without vancomycin resistance which suggests this subspecies did not originate from the acquiring of resistance genes. [6]
[edit] OriginThe combined resistance to novobiocin and oxacillin is hypothesized to have originated from a simultaneous introduction of genes controlling the resistance to the two. These genes were believed to have been acquired originally through heterologous DNA from a methicillin-resistant strain of one of the novobiocin-resistant species belonging to the S. sciuri or the S. saprophyticus groups. The larger genome size of the SHN compared to that of S. hominis subsp. hominis may be the result of the acquiring of heterologous DNA. This new, divergent strain was first described in 1998, and this microbe was first implicated in causing bactermia in 2002. Another hypothesis is the insertion of the mec A gene and its flanking sequence into the chromosome of SHN might have affected the expression of a closely linked gene, which converted the host to become novobiocin-resistant.[7]
REF: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_hominis Acessado em 12/06/12
DescriptionColonies of S. hominis are small, usually 1–2 mm in diameter after 24 hours' incubation at 35 °C, and white or tan in colour. Occasional strains are resistant to novobiocin and may be confused with other resistant species (e.g. S. saprophyticus.)
It is one of only two species of Staphylococcus that display sensitivity to desferrioxamine, the other being S. epidermidis. Unlike S. epidermidis, S. hominis produces acid from trehalose, so the two tests together serve to identify the species.
[edit] BiologyNumerous coagulase-negative staphylococci appear commonly on the skin of human. Of these species, Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. hominis are the most abundant. While S. epidermidis tends to colonize the upper part of the body, S. hominis tends to colonize in areas with numerous apocrine glands, such as axillae and the pubic region. In a certain study, S. hominis was calculated to account for 22% of the total staphylococci species recovered from individuals, second to S. epidermidis at 46%. S. hominis is the predominant species on the head, axillae, arms, and legs. S. hominis, as well as most other staphylococci species common on the human skin, is able to produce acid aerobically from glucose, fructose, sucrose, trehalose, and glycerol. Some strains were also able to produce acid from turanose, lactose, and galactose, melezitose, mannitol, and mannose. Most strains colonize on the skin for relatively short periods of time compared to other Staphylococcus species. They, on average, stay on the skin for only several weeks or months. The cell wall contains low amounts of teichoic acid and glutamic acid. The cell wall teichoic acid contains glycerol and glucosamine. S. hominis cells are Gram-positive cocci, usually 1.2 to 1.4 micrometers in diameter. They appear normally in tetrads and sometimes in pairs.[1]
[edit] ResistanceBased on a total of 240 strains, all were resistant to lysozyme, some were slightly resistant to lysostaphin, 77% were susceptible to penicillin G, 97% to streptomycin, 93% to erythromycin, 64% to tetracycline, and 99% to novobiocin.[2]
[edit] CulturingWhen grown in agar cultures, colonies are usually circular, 4.0 to 4.5 micrometers in diameter. Agar colonies usually have wide edges and an elevated center. They are commonly smooth with dull surfaces, and are yellow-orange pigmented in the center of the opaque colonies. They grow both in aerobic and anaerobic conditions, but tend to grow significantly less in the latter. Optimal NaCl concentrations of the agar culture for the growth of S. hominis seems to be around 7.5%, and a salt concentration of 15% yielded poor growth to no growth at all. The optimal growth temperature range was around 28 to 40 °C, but good growth is still observed at 45 °C, while no growth is observed at 15 °C. S. hominis can be differentiated from staphylococci by its colony morphology and pigmentation patterns, predominant tetrad cell arrangement, poor growth in thioglycolate, low tolerance of NaCl, and carbohydrate reaction pattern. Each species is also significantly different in cell wall composition, lactic acid configuration, temperature extremes of growth, coagulase activity, hemolysis acetylmethylcarbinol production, nitrate reduction, and phosphatase, DNase, and bacteriolytic activities. Similarities in these properties between S. hominis and several other species suggest there is a close relationship between S. hominis and S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, and S. warneri.[3]
[edit] Antibiotic-resistant subspeciesS. hominis is normally found on human skin and is usually harmless, but can sometimes cause infections in people with abnormally weak immune systems. Most, if not all, strains are susceptible to penicillin, erythromycin, and novobiocin, but a divergent strain, S. hominis subsp. novobiosepticus (SHN) was found recently. This strain was named so because of its unique resistance to novobiocin and its failure to produce acid aerobically from trehalose and glucosamine. In addition, the 26 isolated strains of this new subspecies are resistant to nalidixic acid, penicillin G, oxacillin, kanamycin and streptomycin. They were also somewhat resistant to methicillin and gentamicin, and most strains were resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin, as well. In addition, S. hominis subsp. hominis is commonly found isolated from human skin, but there are no reports of the isolation of SHN from the human skin.[4]
The SHN is so similar to the original S. hominis, now called S. hominis subsp. hominis, that a MicroScan system that clinical microbiology laboratories use identified seven of 31 S. hominis subsp. novobiosepticus cultures as S. hominis subsp. hominis. The relationship between the two is currently unknown, but antibiotic-resistant isolates of S. hominis belong only to SHN. [5]
SHN strains seems to have thickened cell walls, and this tendency may be the result of a genetic background that also allows for vancomycin resistance. The thickened cell walls exist in subspecies with and without vancomycin resistance which suggests this subspecies did not originate from the acquiring of resistance genes. [6]
[edit] OriginThe combined resistance to novobiocin and oxacillin is hypothesized to have originated from a simultaneous introduction of genes controlling the resistance to the two. These genes were believed to have been acquired originally through heterologous DNA from a methicillin-resistant strain of one of the novobiocin-resistant species belonging to the S. sciuri or the S. saprophyticus groups. The larger genome size of the SHN compared to that of S. hominis subsp. hominis may be the result of the acquiring of heterologous DNA. This new, divergent strain was first described in 1998, and this microbe was first implicated in causing bactermia in 2002. Another hypothesis is the insertion of the mec A gene and its flanking sequence into the chromosome of SHN might have affected the expression of a closely linked gene, which converted the host to become novobiocin-resistant.[7]
REF: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_hominis Acessado em 12/06/12
Penicillium sp
O Penicillium (lat. penicillus= pincel) é um género de fungos, o comum bolor do pão, que cresce em matéria orgânica biodegradável, especialmente no solo e outros ambientes húmidos e escuros. Por contágio, contaminam frutas e sementes e chegam a invadir habitações, sendo responsáveis pelos bolores que se instalam em alimentos para consumo humano.
Natural Habitats Soil • Seed • Cereal crops
Suitable Substrates in the Indoor Environment Foods (blue mold on cereals, fruits,
vegetables, dried foods) • House dust • Fabrics • Leather • Wallpaper • Wallpaper glue
Water Activity Aw=0.78-0.86
Mode of Dissemination Wind • Insects
Allergenic Potential Type I (hay fever, asthma) • Type III (hypersensitivity)
Potential Opportunist or Pathogen Penicilliosis
Industrial Uses P. chrysogenum for the antibiotic penicillin • P. griseofulvum for the antibiotic
griseofulvin a • P. roquefortii for Roquefort cheese • P. camemberti for Camembert cheese
• Brie, Gorgonzola, and Danish Blue cheese are also the products of Penicillium • Used to cure
ham and salami • Production of organic acids such as fumaric, oxalic, gluconic, and gallic
Potential Toxins Produced Citrinin • Citreoviridin • Cyclopiazonic acid • Fumitremorgen B
• Grisiofulvin • Janthitrems • Mycophenolic acid • Paxilline • Penitrem A • Penicillic acid
• Ochratoxins • Roquefortine C • Secalonic acid D • Verruculogen • Verrucosidin
• Viomellein • Viridicatumtoxin • Xanthomegnin
Other Comments Penicillium is one of the most common genera of fungi
ref: http://www.nordichomeinspection.com/uploads/Penicillium.pdf Acesso: 11/06/12
Natural Habitats Soil • Seed • Cereal crops
Suitable Substrates in the Indoor Environment Foods (blue mold on cereals, fruits,
vegetables, dried foods) • House dust • Fabrics • Leather • Wallpaper • Wallpaper glue
Water Activity Aw=0.78-0.86
Mode of Dissemination Wind • Insects
Allergenic Potential Type I (hay fever, asthma) • Type III (hypersensitivity)
Potential Opportunist or Pathogen Penicilliosis
Industrial Uses P. chrysogenum for the antibiotic penicillin • P. griseofulvum for the antibiotic
griseofulvin a • P. roquefortii for Roquefort cheese • P. camemberti for Camembert cheese
• Brie, Gorgonzola, and Danish Blue cheese are also the products of Penicillium • Used to cure
ham and salami • Production of organic acids such as fumaric, oxalic, gluconic, and gallic
Potential Toxins Produced Citrinin • Citreoviridin • Cyclopiazonic acid • Fumitremorgen B
• Grisiofulvin • Janthitrems • Mycophenolic acid • Paxilline • Penitrem A • Penicillic acid
• Ochratoxins • Roquefortine C • Secalonic acid D • Verruculogen • Verrucosidin
• Viomellein • Viridicatumtoxin • Xanthomegnin
Other Comments Penicillium is one of the most common genera of fungi
ref: http://www.nordichomeinspection.com/uploads/Penicillium.pdf Acesso: 11/06/12
Nigrospora spp
Nigrospora spp.
(described by Zimmerman in 1902)
Taxonomic classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Order: Trichosphaeriales
Family: Trichosphaeriaceae
Genus: Khuskia (teleomorph)
Description and Natural Habitats
Nigrospora is a filamentous dematiaceous fungus widely distributed in soil, decaying plants, and seeds. It is a common laboratory contaminant. Although it has been isolated from a few clinical samples, its pathogenicity in man remains uncertain [531, 1295, 2144, 2202].
Species
Nigrospora sphaerica is the best-known species of the genus Nigrospora.
Synonyms
See the summary of synonyms and teleomorph-anamorph relations for Nigrospora spp.
Pathogenicity and Clinical Significance
Nigrospora has been isolated from cutaneous lesions of a leukemic patient and from a case with keratitis. However, its pathogenic role as a causative agent is not well-known [1847, 2218].
Macroscopic Features
Nigrospora grows rapidly and produces woolly colonies on potato dextrose agar at 25°C. The colonies mature within 4 days. Color of the colony is white initially and then becomes gray with black areas and turns to black eventually from both front and reverse. Sporulation may take more than 3 weeks for some isolates [531, 1295, 2144, 2202].
Microscopic Features
Septate hyaline hyphae, hyaline or slightly pigmented conidiophores, and conidia are visualized. The conidiogenous cells on the conidiophores are inflated, swollen, and ampulliform in shape. They bear a single conidium (14-20 µm in diameter) at their apex. Conidia are black, solitary, unicellular, slightly flattened horizontally, and have a thin equatorial germ slit [531, 1295, 2144, 2202].
Compare to
Humicola
Nigrospora is differentiated from Humicola by its very black conidia that originate from hyaline, inflated conidiophores.
Laboratory Precautions
No special precautions other than general laboratory precautions are required.
Susceptibility
No data are available
ref: http://www.doctorfungus.org/thefungi/Nigrospora.php Acessado em 12/06/12
(described by Zimmerman in 1902)
Taxonomic classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Order: Trichosphaeriales
Family: Trichosphaeriaceae
Genus: Khuskia (teleomorph)
Description and Natural Habitats
Nigrospora is a filamentous dematiaceous fungus widely distributed in soil, decaying plants, and seeds. It is a common laboratory contaminant. Although it has been isolated from a few clinical samples, its pathogenicity in man remains uncertain [531, 1295, 2144, 2202].
Species
Nigrospora sphaerica is the best-known species of the genus Nigrospora.
Synonyms
See the summary of synonyms and teleomorph-anamorph relations for Nigrospora spp.
Pathogenicity and Clinical Significance
Nigrospora has been isolated from cutaneous lesions of a leukemic patient and from a case with keratitis. However, its pathogenic role as a causative agent is not well-known [1847, 2218].
Macroscopic Features
Nigrospora grows rapidly and produces woolly colonies on potato dextrose agar at 25°C. The colonies mature within 4 days. Color of the colony is white initially and then becomes gray with black areas and turns to black eventually from both front and reverse. Sporulation may take more than 3 weeks for some isolates [531, 1295, 2144, 2202].
Microscopic Features
Septate hyaline hyphae, hyaline or slightly pigmented conidiophores, and conidia are visualized. The conidiogenous cells on the conidiophores are inflated, swollen, and ampulliform in shape. They bear a single conidium (14-20 µm in diameter) at their apex. Conidia are black, solitary, unicellular, slightly flattened horizontally, and have a thin equatorial germ slit [531, 1295, 2144, 2202].
Compare to
Humicola
Nigrospora is differentiated from Humicola by its very black conidia that originate from hyaline, inflated conidiophores.
Laboratory Precautions
No special precautions other than general laboratory precautions are required.
Susceptibility
No data are available
ref: http://www.doctorfungus.org/thefungi/Nigrospora.php Acessado em 12/06/12
Kocuria rosea
Kocuria rosea
Kocuria rosea and Micrococcus spp. (gram-positive bacteria) are widespread in nature and commonly found along with coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. on the skin of humans and mammals.
REF: http://www.usmicro-solutions.com/referencelibrary/bacteriallibrary.html Acessado em 11/06/12
Kocuria rosea and Micrococcus spp. (gram-positive bacteria) are widespread in nature and commonly found along with coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. on the skin of humans and mammals.
REF: http://www.usmicro-solutions.com/referencelibrary/bacteriallibrary.html Acessado em 11/06/12
Bacillus lentus
BioHazard Level:
1
Growth Temperature:
26oC
Appropriate growth media:
CASO agar
Genomic sources for restriction enzymes (at this website):
BlpI
Gram Stain:
Bacillus lentus is Gram stain positive
Respiration:
Bacillus lentus is aerobic
Taxonomic lineage:
Bacteria; Firmicutes; Bacilli; Bacillales; Bacillaceae; Bacillus
Industrial uses or economic implications:
Bacillus lentus produces a commercially important alkaline protease.
Miscellaneous:
Bacillus lentus is a urea-decomposing soils bacteria.
Human health and disease:
Bacillus lentus is considered non-pathogenic.
REF: http://www.thelabrat.com/restriction/sources/Bacilluslentus.shtml Acessado em 11/06/12
Bacillus cereus
A 'Bacillus cereus' é uma bactéria beta hemolítica gram-positiva, de forma cilíndrica, endêmica, que vive no solo. Algumas cepas são prejudiciais aos seres humanos e causam intoxicação alimentar, enquanto outras cepas podem ser benéficas, como os probióticos para animais [1]. É a causa da Síndrome do "Arroz Frito", como as bactérias são classicamente contraídas a partir de pratos de arroz frito que têm estado à temperatura ambiente por horas (tal como em um 'buffet'). [2]. As bactérias B. cereus são organismos anaeróbios facultativos, e tal como outros membros do gênero Bacillus, podem produzir endósporos protetores. Seus fatores de virulência incluem a cereolisina e a fosfolipase C.
REF: http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_cereus Acessado em 11/06/12
REF: http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_cereus Acessado em 11/06/12
Alternaria spp
Taxonomic Classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Class: Euascomycetes
Order: Pleosporales
Family: Pleosporaceae
Genus: Alternaria
Description and Natural Habitats
Alternaria is a cosmopolitan dematiaceous (phaeoid) fungus commonly isolated from plants, soil, food, and indoor air environment. The production of melanin-like pigment is one of its major characteristics. Its teleomorphic genera are called Clathrospora and Leptosphaeria.
Species
The genus Alternaria currently contains around 50 species. Among these, Alternaria alternata is the most common one isolated from human infections. Some authorities suggest that Alternaria alternata is a representative species complex rather than a single species and consists of several heterogenous species. While Alternaria chartarum, Alternaria dianthicola, Alternaria geophilia, Alternaria infectoria, Alternaria stemphyloides, and Alternaria teunissima are among the other Alternaria spp. isolated from infections, some Alternaria strains reported as causative agents remain unspecified.
Synonyms
See the summary of synonyms and teleomorph-anamorph relations for the Alternaria sp
Pathogenicity and Clinical Significance
Alternaria spp. have emerged as opportunistic pathogens particularly in patients with immunosuppression, such as the bone marrow transplant patients [1581] [2297]. They are one of the causative agents of phaeohyphomycosis. Cases of onychomycosis, sinusitis, ulcerated cutaneous infections, and keratitis, as well as visceral infections and osteomyelitis due to Alternaria have been reported [66, 802, 1429, 2042]. In immunocompetent patients, Alternaria colonizes the paranasal sinuses, leading to chronic hypertrophic sinusitis. In immunocompromised patients the colonization may end up with development of invasive disease[2306]. It is among the causative agents of otitis media in agricultural field workers [2345].
Since Alternaria species are cosmopolitan and ubiquitous in nature, they are also common laboratory contaminants. Thus, their isolation in culture requires cautious evaluation [1847].
Macroscopic Features
Alternaria spp. grow rapidly and the colony size reaches a diameter of 3 to 9 cm following incubation at 25°C for 7 days on potato glucose agar. The colony is flat, downy to woolly and is covered by grayish, short, aerial hyphae in time. The surface is greyish white at the beginning which later darkens and becomes greenish black or olive brown with a light border. The reverse side is typically brown to black due to pigment production [462, 1295, 2144].
Microscopic Features
Alternaria spp. have septate, brown hyphae. Conidiophores are also septate and brown in color, occasionally producing a zigzag appearance. They bear simple or branched large conidia (7-10 x 23-34 µm) which have both transverse and longitudinal septations. These conidia may be observed singly or in acropetal chains and may produce germ tubes. They are ovoid to obclavate, darkly pigmented, muriform, smooth or roughened. The end of the conidium nearest the conidiophore is round while it tapers towards the apex. This gives the typical beak or club-like appearance of the conidia [462, 1295, 2144].
Histopathologic Features
Dark colored filamentous hyphae are observed in the sections of infected tissue stained with H&E. If the pigment formation is not obvious, Fontana-Masson silver stain, which is specific to melanin, may be applied [462].
REF: http://www.doctorfungus.org/thefungi/alternaria.php Acessado em 11/06/12
Acremonium spp
Acremonium spp. are filamentous, cosmopolitan fungi frequently isolated from plant debris and soil, they are known to result in invasive infections in the setting of severe immunosuppression. In this letter, we present a case of catheter-related fungaemia associated with Acremonium spp. in a patient with chronic renal failure. After removal of the subclavian catheter, the patient was treated successfully with voriconazole, with a loading dose of 400 mg followed by a maintenance dose of 200 mg bid. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper reporting Acremonium spp. associated fungaemia in a relatively immunocompetent host. We also discuss the diagnosis and treatment of Acremonium spp. associated infections in the context of current literature.
REF: A novel fungal pathogen under the spotlight--Acremonium spp. associated fungaemia in an immunocompetent host.
Purnak T, Beyazit Y, Sahin GO, Shorbagi A, Akova M.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19702621 Acessado em 11/06/12
REF: A novel fungal pathogen under the spotlight--Acremonium spp. associated fungaemia in an immunocompetent host.
Purnak T, Beyazit Y, Sahin GO, Shorbagi A, Akova M.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19702621 Acessado em 11/06/12
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